The Summit for Democracy as a Platform to Promote the Mendez Principles December 06, 2021
The Summit for Democracy
will be held this week and “bring together leaders from government, civil society,
and the private sector.” Being the first of its kind and held at a time when human
rights violations and democratic
backsliding have peaked globally, the summit could be an invaluable
opportunity for the Biden administration to raise awareness of and find
solutions to the burning human-rights issues of
the day.
The summit will
address three key themes: (1) defending against authoritarianism, (2) addressing
and fighting corruption, and (3) promoting respect for human rights. The White
House announced that they have been consulting with experts from all walks of
life and that the summit will be a platform for encouraging leaders to take
specific actions and commit to meaningful internal reforms and international
initiatives related to the key themes of the summit.
Of paramount
importance for the summit participants should be a frank discussion about the problematic
interview, interrogation, and intelligence gathering practices and how to
solve the problems resulting from these practices.
In a June 26 statement
on the International Day in Support of Victims of Torture, quoting the late-Sen.
John McCain, who himself was a torture survivor, President Joe Biden
acknowledged that torture is an ineffective method for gaining reliable
intelligence, it violates U.S. and international law, spurs terrorist
recruitment and violent extremism, and compromises the moral standing of the United
States in the world. Indeed, research
has shown that coercive interrogations not only violate the human rights but also
are ineffective in terms of gathering accurate and extensive information.
The use of
political rhetoric to set the tone for opposition to torture is a good starting
point, words alone are not enough. World leaders must
take tangible steps—based on international scientific guidelines—to prevent
torture and other human rights violations. Positive
and normative guidance for the practitioners is needed if the goal of
abolishing torture as an intelligence-gathering tool is to be realized. Simply
restating the immorality and ineffectiveness of torture and other malevolent
treatment will not suffice.
Unethical
interview methods—including torture, ill-treatment, and coercion—must be
banished. The need is urgent. Practitioners and policy makers should embrace
efforts that will ensure fair trials, effective criminal investigations,
ethical intelligence gathering, and evidence-based and ethical interview and
interrogation methods.
The Principles on
Effective Interviewing for Investigations and Information Gathering, also know
as the Méndez
Principles, have been endorsed
by the United Nations and are widely perceived to be the gold standard for
effective and ethical interview methods. The Méndez Principles represent the
first, and a very powerful, attempt to develop universal guidelines in this
area. The principles aim to change law enforcement practices by replacing
coercive interrogations with rapport-based interviews, as the scientific evidence
shows the latter to be far more effective in
gathering useful intelligence. The Méndez Principles are the outcome of a collective
and multidisciplinary effort initiated by Juan E. Méndez, the U.N. special
rapporteur on torture, in 2016.
Through this
initiative, U.N. member states are invited to recognize a universal set of
guidelines for effective and noncoercive interviewing methods and procedural
safeguards to prevent unethical interview practices.
The Méndez Principles
provide a practical roadmap for abandoning accusatory, coercive, manipulative,
and confession-driven interview practices. The details of the six principles
were published in a comprehensive document
and are summarized here:
1. Foundations: Effective interviewing is
instructed by science, law, and ethics.
2. Practice: Effective interviewing is a
comprehensive process for gathering accurate and reliable information while
implementing associated legal safeguards.
3. Vulnerability: Effective interviewing requires
identifying and addressing the needs of interviewees in situations of
vulnerability.
4. Training: Effective interviewing is a
professional undertaking that requires specific training.
5. Accountability: Effective interviewing
requires transparent and accountable institutions.
6. Implementation: The implementation of
effective interviewing requires robust national measures.
Upon the
document’s publication, the U.N. Human Rights Council passed a resolution inviting member countries to adopt these
guidelines in their investigative practices.
The United States
should take a leading role in this effort to ensure that the principles are embraced
globally and that participating countries have and enforce a zero-tolerance
policy against unethical interview practices at home and abroad.
Adoption of these
principles by U.N. member states requires the guidance and leadership of
experts and well-respected institutions. The Summit for Democracy therefore should
create either a working group or a task force to monitor the implementation of
the three themes of
the summit.
Similar to the Financial
Action Task Force, the working group or task force could create recommendations
for monitoring U.N. member states’ compliance with the Méndez Principles,
incentives for complying with the principles, and sanctions for member states
that engage in human rights violations. Institutions—such as Project
Aletheia at John Jay College, the Center for Ethics and the Rule of Law at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Just Security
initiative at New York University School of Law—that are committed to
ensuring effective and ethical interview practices can be invited to join the
working group or task force.
The summit participants
also should seek to collaborate with national and international human rights
organizations, including Human Rights Watch, Freedom House, Amnesty
International, the U.N. Human Rights Council, the U.S. Helsinki Commission, the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and Anti-Torture
Committee of the Council of Europe. For example, the Anti-Torture Committee of
the Council of Europe could use country visits as an
opportunity to promote the Méndez Principles—especially in countries where torture
and ill-treatment are common practices or the risk of human rights violations is
high.
The Summit for
Democracy is an important opportunity for the Biden administration “to
restore the United States’ credibility as a human rights leader” by strengthening
the human rights system and leading the world through best practices at home. The
Méndez Principles need to be a part of these efforts to ensure that democracy
can overcome the threats of unethical and unlawful interview practices around
the world through collective action.
_____________________________________________________
Orion Policy Institute (OPI) is an independent, non-profit, tax-exempt think tank focusing on a broad range of issues at the local, national, and global levels. OPI does not take institutional policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions represented herein should be understood to be solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of OPI.
_________
About the author:
Dr. Davut Akca is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at Lakehead University. Dr. Akca’s research interests fall within the domains of investigative interviewing, gangs, radicalization, hate crimes, and program evaluation in criminal justice.